Fossil Fuels And Its Impacts On Society - 1506 Words

Earth has provided us with various fossil fuels and natural resources that we need to live an adequate life. However, as fossil fuels dwindle and the human population continues to grow, the livelihood of humanity is threatened. Furthermore, the use of fossil fuels has several negative impacts on society. For example, fossil fuels pose a serious danger to the environmental through climate changes and global warming. Additionally, as fossil fuels become more scarce the prices will significantly increase. One way to alleviate the negative impacts of fossil fuels is by investing research and development into sustainability. Sustainability refers to the use of renewable energy resources to sustain the current processes of society and the economy. Sustainability also encompasses the idea that any developments should meet the requirements of the current society without affecting the capability of future generations to meet their requirements. As water supply systems continue to dwindle, new sustainability technologies have emerged that will allow society to overcome the challenges of scarce clean and fresh water. There are several ways in which to define sustainability. In essence, sustainability refers to our ability to sustain our current needs without negatively impacting future generation’s ability to meet their needs. However, sustainability can also refer to improving human life while respecting Earth’s ecosystems. Essentially, sustainability to me means using technologyShow MoreRelatedThe Drilling Of The Oil922 Words   |  4 PagesPetroleum is made into various products such as gasoline/ diesel fuel, home heating oil, fertilizers, and plastic products (Energy Quest 2012). 74 percent of our oil is used for transportation including, trucks, buses, cars, and planes (Energy Quest 2012). Drilling of the oil is a costly process and has severe effects to the environment. Drilling on land requires a lot of space, disturbing the natural animal habitats, while drilling at sea impacts surrounding marine life (ELI 2015). Petroleum is toxic andRead MoreFossil Fuels : The Source Of E nergy1709 Words   |  7 Pagestoday’s society fossil fuels are the primary source of energy for most of the industrialized world. Utilizing fossil fuels has been vital to the industrialization development. Throughout industrialization of many parts of the world, energy has been needed at a much higher density then before and fossil fuels have fulfilled that need. Coal, gas, and oil are the three major sources of fossil fuels in the world. Despite other means of energy, such as wind power, hydroelectric power and so on, fossil fuelsRead MoreFossil Fuels And Their Impact On The Environment862 Words   |  4 PagesFossil Fuels and Their Impact on the Environment The amount of fossil fuels being deposited into the air should be controlled. Not only do fossil fuels pose a threat to the environment, but also to human health. The problem is not only noticeable in the depletion of human health, but also in the air, water, and land. Emissions are a concerning contribution to other problems such as global warming and greenhouse gases as well. One of the major factors of fossil fuels are vehicles. VehiclesRead MoreAdvantages Of Fossil Fuels998 Words   |  4 PagesWhat are fossil fuels? Fossil fuels are a type of gas that dominate the energy sources. Fossil fuels are one of the most used and they are starting to run out. They are mostly used due their low prices. They estimate that by the end of the 21st century fossil fuel nuclear What are fossil fuels? Fossil fuels are a type of gas that dominate the energy sources. Fossil fuels are one of the most used and they are starting to run out. They are mostly used due their low prices. They estimate that by theRead MoreThe Sources Of Fossil Fuels1429 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper will discuss the three main fossil fuels which are oil, coal, and natural gas. This research shows how the fossil fuels are formed, where they could be found, and explain how they were formed over millions of years. This paper will show the numerous advantages of fossil fuels compared to the disa dvantages and how they are hurting the Earth. Fossils fuels are critical to the function of everyday life. The world would be a different if fossil fuels and their uses were not to of use. Read MoreThe World s Dependence On Fossil Fuels1706 Words   |  7 PagesDependence on Fossil Fuels Introduction: When you think of fossil fuels what comes to mind? Perhaps you think of the massive oil rigs set up around the world or maybe your mind wonders to how fossil fuels formed in the Earth millions of years ago. Truthfully the full extent of our usage of fossil fuels around the world is widely not realized. Around the Christmas season as you decorate your Christmas trees consider this: if your Christmas tree is artificial then it is likely manufactured with fossil fuelsRead MoreThe Importance Of Obesity1408 Words   |  6 Pageseffects on society, such as negative externalities. These can be presented in four categories: direct medical costs, human capital costs, productivity costs and transportation costs. This essay will focus on the transportation costs from an economic point of view. The laws of physics state that a heavier load requires more energy to travel the same distance as a lighter one. Since obese people have a higher body weight than average, their transportation in larger vehicles requires more fuel which imposesRead MoreAlternative Energy Sources Essay1652 Words   |  7 PagesRevolution, people have utilized fossil fuels to power their homes, cars, and businesses. Unfortunately, our stores of fossil fuels are running low, and they have been demonstrated to increase the temperature in the atmosphere and accelerate global warming. As gas prices steadily rise, people need a newer, cleaner source of energy. The alternatives are numerous and would be beneficial to the well being of the whole world. The human race must replace its fossil fuel use with renewable resources inRead MoreRenewable Energy Is Important For Our Environment1610 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most important ecological changes needed not only in this country, but globally would be the transition from fossil fuels and coal to renewable sources of energy like solar, wind, hydroelectric, and biofuels in an attempt to reduce carbon emissions, which in turn pollute the environment and contribute to adverse climate change. Even though renewable energy is able to regenerate, does not mean that it has no ecological footprint or that renewable energy is completely sustainable for ourRead MoreHow Can The United States Lessen Its Dependence On Fossil Fuels?1302 Words   |  6 PagesHow can the United States lessen its dependence on fossil fuels? Joan Milton Western Governor’s University How can the United States lessen its dependence on fossil fuels? Introduction The U.S obtains more than 84% of its energy from fossil fuels including oil, coal and natural gas. This is because people rely on it to heat their homes, power industries, run vehicles, manufacturing, and provision of electricity. It is apparent that the country’s transportation industry highly depends on

Positive Sides Of Unrestricted Internet Access - 897 Words

Positive sides of unrestricted internet access: Necessity of unrestricted internet access can be figured out by the positive effects of internet into our daily life. Now-a-days, a person can’t think about life without internet. 1. Faster Communication 2. Abundant Information Resources 3. Entertainment 4. Social Networking and Staying Connected 5. Services 6. E-Commerce 7. Inexhaustible Education Some of the positive sides are described below: Faster Communication Communication is the primary aim of internet. It has shined outside the hope. Internet is the greatest invention of mankind s for communication yet. Modernizations are going on to make it faster, more reliable. In a fraction of second, we can communicate with a person who is†¦show more content†¦For example, Websites such as eBay allow customers to bid, buy, sell, and even auction products online. Inexhaustible Education The Internet has turned into a necessary propagator of knowledge, both through free as well as paid services. The reliability of this shape of education is usually established through the quality and validity of satisfied presented by each website. The World Wide Web has become a remarkable avenue for the academically unprivileged, to amass greater knowledge and know-how on subjects [Pakhare, J. (n.d.). Advantages and Disadvantages of the Internet. Retrieved October 1, 2014.]. The complete scope of distance education has extended. This is because, the increase of accessibility to videos of teachers giving lectures, showing diagrams and explaining concepts are much like a real classroom. Nonprofit organizations have websites to seek volunteers and donations in order to need. Some sites are dedicated themselves to spreading knowledge among the people of all age groups. For example: Wikipedia, Coursera, Babbel, Archive, and Teachertube. Negative sides of unrestricted access to Internet: Freedom is something many take for granted, especially when it comes to the Internet [COLE, C. (n.d.). Risks of unrestricted access to Internet - Roland Technology Group. Retrieved October 1, 2014.]. Some countries figured out some risk of freedom in internet access.Show MoreRelatedThe Current Youth s Participation858 Words   |  4 PagesTechnological progression has expanded a person’s understanding or the opportunity to further one’s understanding on health. This advancement has a number of positive effects on our developing youth. The main benefit of youth’s relationship with technology is having a source of information readily available for their serious inquires. The internet is a prime method of accessing crucial data that is not available to them in their traditional education. The obvious advantage to this is that youth can beRead MoreHelp Save the Internet Essay1392 Words   |  6 PagesEvery time we access the Internet we can expect that what ever we type we can obtain with no problems. This might become the old way of the Internet we took for granted because this might start changing and it’s not for the good of consumers. Companies like Comcast, Verizon and ATT, are fighting for the right to control what content you are able to see and even discriminate on how fast a website should load or if it should even load at all. They also want to create a toll on the Internet and chargeRead More Abortion in the United States Essay3509 Words   |  15 Pagesabortion is so divisive, it must be examined closely in order to understand the complex underlying issues; only then can a reasonable position be recommended. 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When a study was done determining the willingness for people to pay for the mitigation of information security both personal and external, the study found that peopleRead MoreHow Youth Online Culture Is Perceived1489 Words   |  6 Pagesnegative and result from the moral panic of current society promoted by the media. Gray’s blog article (2014) draws attention to and challenges stereotypical views that adults hold about youth online. Firstly, that youth are simply wasting time on the internet when they could be doing school work, going out, or being active. Secondly, that it is socially isolating, preventing youth from going out and physically interacting with peers in person. Thirdly, that youth do not understand the concepts of privacyRead MoreHow Internet Is Negatively Impacting Carolina Day School s Environment1693 Words   |  7 Pageshas found that 92% of teens are online daily, with open access to harmful material that can affect developing minds permanently, and set up habits that can damage their potential for success in the future. An even more shocking 24% of teens say that they are online â€Å"almost constantly.† As a tenth grader in Carolina Day’s upper school, I’ve witnessed the daily activities of students who confirm these statistics. To them, navigating the internet is second nature, and that is where the real danger liesRead More Abortion Essay4131 Words   |  17 Pagesthen under what circumstances? Abortion has been one of the most heatedly debated topics in the U.S. for more than a century. This paper explores the history and international use of abortion, as well as the empirical and m oral claims made by both sides of the issue. We will also examine the key positions taken on abortion and look at those affected by it. Based on extensive research and analysis, this paper will recommend that the government increase abortion funding and availability. AbortionRead MoreHow Censorship Is Necessary Or Harmful?2561 Words   |  11 Pagessense of divergence with internet users on whether or not censorship is necessary or actually needed. Everyone has their own beliefs. A number of people believe that some things must be censored, while others thinks that everyone must have the freedom to watch anything they wants or search any of the information they want. B. i) Internet growth and evaluation When you come to think of it†¦the internet is only one that has an ample amount of information. Exploring the internet for specific informationRead More Affirmative Action Essay4755 Words   |  20 Pagesrealized that in order to serve society better, they needed to diversify because minorities in combination with white males help enrich the learning experience for all. Increasing the percentage of minority physicians can also help improve health access for URMs, and broaden the medical research agenda to address many hidden health problems in America. In short, a more diverse organization can tackle more goals and problems, and deal with them more effectively. The proof of this is the fact thatRead More Internet Essay - Online Anonymity and Cyberspace Crime2064 Words   |  9 PagesOnline Anonymity and Cyberspace Crime The 90s internet boom gave rise to new ways of writing in through access to cyberspace. What used to be printed or handwritten on physical surfaces such as paper, cardboard, or bulletin boards has changed to 0s and 1s, bits and bytes of digitized information that can be displayed thru the projections of computer screens. Moreover, the internet has made the process of publishing ones works, writing letters, or chatting with one another much easier and

Positive Child Guidance (Managing Challenging Behaviour †Tantrums and Biting) Free Essays

Focus It is important to remember that almost all young children display stages of â€Å"inappropriate† or challenging behaviours such as biting, tantrums, clinging or hitting at various times in their development. These behaviours are usually short-lived and typically improve with guidance and age. There are some children, however, whose challenging behaviours may increase and result in injury to self or others, cause damage to property, interfere with acquiring new skills and/or social isolation. We will write a custom essay sample on Positive Child Guidance (Managing Challenging Behaviour – Tantrums and Biting) or any similar topic only for you Order Now This report investigates the possible causes for challenging behaviors (focusing primarily on tantrums and biting) in infants, toddlers and young children and positive child guidance strategies that are important as the basis for intervention and prevention. It is important to intervene in such a way that appropriate, pro-social behaviors are taught, modeled, and reinforced to ensure lifelong success. 18 June 2011 J M Badenhorst-Awasthi ID: 20090950 Introduction On average about 10 % of children younger than five display challenging behaviours (Tremblay, 2000). There has been an increase of children exhibiting challenging behaviours serious enough for parents and teachers to get concerned about disrupting family functioning and classroom routines (Powell, Dunlap and Fox, 2006). It is necessary for parents and teachers (adults) to work collaboratively in identifying causes of challenging behaviour and implementing relevant positive child guidance strategies that will promote pro-social and acceptable behaviour (Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003). Pro-social / Acceptable Behaviour Conroy and Brown (2004) highlight the following skills or pro-social behaviours that children should acquire before the age of five (on average): Getting along with others Following directions Regulating and identifying emotions Conflict resolutions / solutions Persisting on a task Engaging in social conversations Cooperative play Positive Child Guidance [PCG] An increasingly familiar term in the field of Early Childhood Education is â€Å"Positive Child Guidance†. PCG techniques, instead of Punitive Discipline Techniques are endorsed by experts as the best way to respond to challenging behaviour (Flicker and Hoffman, 2002; Miller, 2007). PCG is a process wherein adults use certain strategies, e. g. reasoning, giving choices, problem-solving, negotiation and redirection, when dealing with challenging behaviour (Miller, 2007; Porter, 2003). Challenging behaviours (e. g. tantrums and biting) are seen as an opportunity for negotiation, learning and resolution, instead of something that requires children to be disciplined or punished for (Berk, 2006; Miller, 2007). Factors that influence challenging behaviour According to Flicker and Hoffman (2004) there are various factors that influence challenging behaviour: ? ? ? ? ? Emotional: boredom, anxiety, low self-esteem, fear, overstimulation Family: sibling rivalry, divorce, domestic violence, abuse Classroom: overcrowding, too much clutter, excessive noise Physical: hunger, fatigue, illness, soiled nappy Learning difficulties: speech and language, ADD/ADHD Environmental: poor housing, poverty, community violence Before deciding on the most effective guidance strategy it is v ery important for adults to consider the (potential) contributing factors. PCG is not a â€Å"one-size-fits-all† approach. It involves developing a close, trusting relationship with the children and parents and â€Å"individualizing† approaches (Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003). TANTRUMS Definition A tantrum / temper tantrum is an emotional outburst, usually associated with children that are in emotional distress. Typical characteristics are crying, screaming, defiance, anger, stubbornness, ranting, resisting attempts to be pacified and sometimes hitting or kicking (Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003). Tantrums most commonly happen when children believe (wrongly or rightly) that their wants (not necessarily their needs) are not being met (Ministry of Education [MoE], 1996). Typically tantrums will occur in children aged between 16 months and three / four years (Berk, 2006). Influencing Factors The physical environment may affect young children’s behaviour, e. g. inadequate space, noise levels and traffic patterns in the classroom (Miller, 2007; Strain and Hemmeter, 1999). Classroom schedules and routines may be a factor. Children need routines but with some flexibility. It is often the transition times that prove most problematic (Miller, 2007). Children might learn (after the first tantrum) that it is an effective way to get what they want and therefore keep repeating this behaviour (Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003). Tantrums might occur when a child wants a toy that is being used by another child (jealousy) (Conroy and Brown, 2004). Often tantrums will happen when an adult says â€Å"no† to a child e. g. when changing or leaving an activity or fun place (e. g. when it’s time for tea / lunch) or when asked to do something they don’t want to do (e. g. cleaning up) (Tremblay, 2002). A CNN Health Report concluded that there are neurological influences for tantrums. The prefrontal cortex, (part of the brain), which is responsible for emotional and social regulation is not yet developed in children and they are therefore less likely to have the required skills to negotiate a more controlled behaviour (New Freedom Commission on Mental Health, 2003). Positive Child Guidance Strategies Teachers should make use of observations to establish which factor(s) is/are influencing tantrums. Only by understanding the factor can appropriate strategies be applied (Miller, 2007). There should be minimal disruptive transitions and fair warning before it occurs. Ensure children know the routine. Teachers should model and praise appropriate behaviour (Miller, 2007). Adults should not give up / give in when a child has a tantrum. Children might learn that a tantrum is an effective and immediate means of getting what they want. Other children might learn and copy this behaviour (Alter and Conroy, 2006). Careful planning is very important. Teachers should identify potential triggers and formulate solutions in advance (MoE, 1996). Children with a tendency for tantrums should be encouraged to do relaxing activities such as water play, play dough or the sandpit. It is inappropriate to expect toddlers to sit for long periods of time or to engage in large group activities. It is better to arrange short, engaging mat times and small group activities (Slee and Hemmeter, 1999). It is important to have enough toys so that all children have an opportunity to play at the same time. Some centres will deliberately have less toys to encourage problem-solving and negotiation skills. Through observations teachers should identify high interest toys and possible tantrums (Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003). BITING Definition Biting is a distressing and common behaviour for children aged between fourteen months and two years (Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003). Influencing Factors Probably the most common factor for biting is that children of this age are frustrated when they are unable to use words to communicate their needs or wants. Toddlerhood is a time of strong emotions and few words. It is a time of many changes and the feelings (coupling these changes) can sometimes lead to biting (Berk, 2006). Changes that bring about strong emotions and stress can makes children more prone to biting, e. g. otty training, transitioning to a different room (age group in the centre) or a new sibling (Conroy and Brown, 2004). Sometimes infants and young toddlers might bite when they are teething. Biting eases the irritation and pain of teething (Berk, 2006; Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003). Hunger and thirst could also be an influencing factor (Berk, 2006). Infants use biting and sucking as a means of exploring and making sense of the physical world. Most objects (that is big enough) will go into an infant/ toddler’s mouth (Slee and Hemmeter, 1999). Sometimes children bite when they actually want to kiss someone (Conroy and Brown, 2004). Biting may occur when children are seeking attention. This behaviour mostly causes disturbance and focuses the adult’s attention on the child who bites. Children could also investigate / experiment the cause and effect of biting – seeing / testing what will happen when biting (Conroy and Brown, 2004). Positive Child Guidance Strategies It is important for adults to talk to the child and acknowledge that these changes can be difficult and give the child the opportunity to express their feelings appropriately (Berk, 2006; Alter and Conroy, 2006). Teachers can ask the parents if the child has a favourite â€Å"teething toy†. For toddlers a teething ring / toy can be pinned to their clothes (attached to a short string) and older children can carry a toy in their pockets. Adults should encourage children to use it when they feel like biting. Some children are comforted by a frozen teething toy as this numbs the area and eases discomfort more. For infants and toddlers the adult can wet a cloth and put it in the freezer. The child can easily suck and chew on this (Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003). Toddlers and young children should not go for more than two hours without food. It is also important that adults regularly offer children liquids as well. To ease late morning tendency of biting adults can offer a mid-morning snack that is crunchy and chewy such as pretzels, rice crackers or biscuits (Slee and Hemmeter, 1999). Adults should ensure that the objects that infants play with are not small enough to swallow. To measure the size of objects try fitting it inside a toilet paper roll. If it fits then it is too small. Adults should ensure that appropriate teething toys are available (Slee and Hemmeter, 1999). Teach children the appropriate way of showing affection. How to kiss or hug can be taught. Children should first be taught to consider whether children want a hug or kiss. Adults should teach children to listen to the words that people use when they don’t want to be kissed (Conroy and Brown, 2004). To teach the child who has bitten empathy get him/her involved in calming and caring for the person who was bitten (e. g. getting an ice pack). If they see the obvious pain and discomfort and adults asking prompting questions it might discourage a child from biting again (Porter, 2003). Factors and Strategies for both Tantrums and Biting There are some factors that may lead to both tantrums and biting which include boredom or frustration when children are not adequately engaged with peers, teachers or materials and activities in the centre or at home. Adults should ensure that the materials and activities are engaging, challenging and entertaining for all ages and stages of development. Children should be given a choice of activities which may minimize boredom or frustration (Porter, 2003). Feelings of jealousy or the need for love / attention could also cause tantrums and biting. It is important that adults treat each child equally and fairly. Adults should be consistent in PCG strategy so children can know the boundaries, expectations and acceptable behaviour (Flicker and Hoffman, 2002). . There is a relationship between language inefficiency and challenging behaviours. Children with a language inability will often use tantrums or biting (although inappropriate) to communicate their needs (Hemmeter and Ostrosky, 2006). Hyter (2003) suggest that adults should help develop language skills through songs, repetitions and reading books (See Appendix C) so that children can express themselves verbally instead of resorting to tantrums or biting (Porter, 2003). Conclusion This report highlighted various factors that influence challenging behaviour (tantrums and biting). For this reason adults (teachers and parents) should work collaboratively in identifying the influencing factor(s) and applying the most effective and appropriate prevention and intervention strategies to increase compliance and the child’s development of self regulation and appropriate pro-social behaviours (Berk, 2006; Fox, Dunlap and Cushing, 2002; Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003; Miller, 2007 ). How to cite Positive Child Guidance (Managing Challenging Behaviour – Tantrums and Biting), Papers

Consideration is one of the Elements of a Valid Contract Sample

Questions: 1.Based on the above Provision, discuss the Consideration as one of the Elements of a valid Contract under the Malaysian law. By referring to the Statutes and decided cases, Compare the Position of Consideration between the Malaysian law and the English law. 2.Choose ONE Insurance Company and ONE takaful company in Malaysia. Compare and Discuss the Principles related to Insurance Contract Offered by both Companies. Support your Discussion with relevant Provisions from the Statutes. Answers: Introduction 1.Consideration is one of the elements of a valid contract. Generally, consideration is the price that a party pays pursuant to the contract. In order to understand what consideration is, a party to a contract should ask himself or herself what benefits he or she derives from the agreement or the promise. The courts in trying to establish an existence of a valid contract will establish whether there was a consideration or not. The courts will not be looking at the adequacy of a consideration since it does not matter how small it could be. Under s.2 of Contracts Act 1950 (My), the definition of a consideration is a price which a party gives in relation to a promise made to him. Such a promise is for doing something or not to do an act pursuant to the terms therein. A consideration would, therefore, be payable where a party has done something as agreed. There are two requirements that form a valid consideration. First is the legal sufficiency, in other words, the value of the performance ought to be equivalent to the value of the consideration. Secondly, the consideration must be bargained by both parties. Parties should agree on the consideration that would be payable in such an instance. Again, a party to a contract cannot rely on what he ought to statutorily do in establishing a consideration. A party to a contract should act beyond what he is ordinarily supposed to be doing. A promise by an individual or a performance of a duty that such a person is obligated to do not amount to consideration. On the aspect of bargained for, there is an exchange of promise between the contracting parties, both parties benefit from the contract or they get a detriment in accordance with their agreed terms. Under Malaysian contract laws, there are several rules relating to consideration. I have here below discussed the rules relating to both Malaysia and England and made a comparison. Past consideration Under Malaysian law of contract, it is considered that past consideration is good enough to establish a valid contract. The court applied this rule in the case of Kepong Prospecting Ltd Ors v. Schmidt (1968). A past consideration generally entails an act performed before the contract came into place. In many jurisdictions, a past consideration is not usually relied upon and is unenforceable in the court of law since it entails an act or a promise made in the past before the contract came into place. Subject to s.2 (d) and 26 of Contracts Act 1950 (My), a past consideration is valid. It has been argued by the proponents of past consideration that the courts should not be concerned whether the consideration was made earlier or not. They argue that provided there is a consideration the courts should endeavor to give effect to that consideration. As stated here above, past consideration is not enforceable in other jurisdiction, especially under common law jurisdictions. The court in the case of Re McArdle (1951) the court of appealed re-emphasized that a past consideration was unenforceable. This was in relation to a promised made after the performance. Natural love and affection as a consideration The Malaysian case of Re Tan Soh Sim Ors v Tan Saw Keow (1951), defined what natural love and affection are. In this case a mother who was about to die wanted her property to be given to her adopted children, however, the court held that since there was no natural love and affection, such a promise would not be enforceable. The promised was also unwritten. Therefore, there are instances where a valid contract would be held to be existing even though a consideration might be lacking. Natural love and affection is such an instance where consideration needs not be provided. Under Malaysian Contract Act 1950 (My) s.26 (a) natural love and affection ought to be in writing in order for it to be enforceable in Malaysia. Natural love and affection are however not a valid consideration under common law jurisdictions. In the case of Brett v JS Wife[1600] 79 ER 9 7 (2003), the court was of the view that natural love and affection does not constitute a valid consideration hence cannot be enforced by the courts. Who provides a consideration? Under common law, a consideration is ordinarily made by the promisee. The promisor ordinarily makes a promise where the promisee must provide a consideration in accordance with the promise made. However, under Malaysian, any person to a contract may enforce that contract even though he has not made or advanced any consideration. The consideration is not also always given by the promisee as is the case in common law jurisdiction. What stands out under Malaysian Contract law is the fact that a third party to the contract can provide the consideration. Pursuant to s.2 (d) of the Contracts Act 1950 (My), a third party can provide consideration. This principle can be dated back to the case of Venkata Chinnaya v Verikatara Ma'ya (1881), where the court gave effect to an instance where a third party had given the consideration. Consideration Need Not Be Adequate but Sufficient Generally, a consideration under contract law does not need to be adequate. The courts will not inquire into the adequacy of a consideration but would simply establish whether there was a consideration in place. The reason for such a decision by the courts is that parties are free to contract on whatever terms they agree on even if they are absurd or inadequate in the eyes of a reasonable person. The House of Lords in Chappel Co v Nestle (1960), held that where the economic value of the consideration is so trivial, the court would still hold a to contract to be valid. Under the Malaysian Contract law section 26, the consideration provided need not be adequate unless consent was given out of duress. In the case of Phang Swee Kim v Beh I Hock (1964) the court held that what is important is for a consideration to be present. The adequacy of the consideration is irrelevant. As I have highlighted here above, as an exception to this instance, a party to an agreement cannot claim to have provided a consideration where statutorily he performed that which he ought to have done Part Payment of Debt As a general rule, part payment of the debt does not discharge a party from payment of the outstanding balance. Therefore, part payment is not a good consideration for a discharge of the debt. However, as an exception to this principle, when parties to a contract agree that part payment is or would be for the satisfaction of the full debt, the creditor would not again sue for the outstanding balance. This principle was established in the In Pinnel's Case (1602). Where a third party is supposed to partly pay the debt as agreed for the satisfaction of the whole debt, the creditor would not sue for the outstanding balance. The court in the case of Hirachand Punamchand v Temple (1911), reiterated this principle. The court held that part payment by a third party is a valid consideration. Performance of a public duty The performance of an existing duty entails a situation where one of the parties in consideration to the promise made offers to perform what ordinarily he is supposed to do. The question that arises from here is whether in such an instance there is a good consideration. The court in the case of Currie v Misa (1875), expounded what a consideration is, and it stated that a consideration is a form of profit, benefit or advantaged gained from the agreement by a party. Consideration can also be a detriment, disadvantage or a loss occasioned under that agreement. Therefore, a consideration ought to be more than what a party is ordinarily supposed to do. The court in the case of Balfour V Balfour (1982) also held that a consideration is invalid if it entails a duty to perform what a party is ordinarily supposed to do. An existing contractual duty As a general rule, an existing contractual duty does not constitute a valid consideration. The court in the case of Stilk v Myrick (1809) held that where there is a pre-existing contractual obligation a valid consideration would be deemed to be lacking. However, if a party performs beyond his contractual duties there would be a valid consideration. The court reiterated this in the case of Hartley v Ponsonby(1857). In conclusion, from my discussion here above, it can be evident that Malaysia and English laws vary in some few rules relating to a valid contract. For instance, the issue of past consideration, a party who is advancing the consideration and natural love and affection in relation to consideration are examples of principles that vary between the two areas of jurisdiction. However, both jurisdiction share principles such as the performance of a public duty, pre-existing contractual obligations, consideration being adequate and not sufficient and part payment. 2.For purposes of our study herein, I will take Berjaya General Insurance Bhd and Great Eastern Takaful Berhad insurance companies. These companies are operational in Malaysia and they run insurance businesses. Great Eastern Takaful Berhad, which is a Takaful insurance company, offers insurances in many areas ranging from health, wealth, business and including savings. On the other hand, General Insurance Bhd which is a general insurance company offers insurance covers for traveling, for health and accidents among others. It is important to highlight the difference between the two companies in terms of their constitution. Takaful companies are Muslim related insurance companies. These companies must be compliant with Sharia law. In terms of its operation, it does not allow investment in income related fields. The other distinguishing feature between the two insurance companies is that for general insurance when a policy is bought the risks are pooled together and transferred to the insurance company. However, for Takaful participants and insurance companies, the participants generally do not transfer risks but they rather pool together their risks and share between each other (Jaffer, Ismail, Noor, Unwin Ajayi, 2010). Finally, the other distinguishing feature relates to shareholders fun. For insurance companies, this fund is owned by the company itself, since ordinarily all risks are transferred to the insurance company. For Takaful companies, however, the participants and operators in these companies own the shareholder's fund. Whenever a member encounters health issues or otherwise as provided under the policy, the donations made by the company are used to compensate. Now, let us turn to the principles of insurance that relate to the two insurances companies that I have referred to in the above paragraphs. The principle of utmost Good Faith Generally speaking, insurance law emanates from the law of contract. In contract, the parties to the contract ought to contract from utmost good faith (Kirke La Shelle Co. v. Paul Armstrong Co., 1933). The principle of utmost good faith is a fundamental principle in insurance law too. For insurance companies, the insured is supposed to provide true information within his knowledge on the subject matter to be insured. If wronged information is given, the insurers liability would be void and hence the insurer would not be compensated. In Takaful companies, this principle of insurance is also present. Its been resolved that this principle should be applied in Takaful companies (Thanasegaran, 2016). For these companies, whenever it is discovered that the terms of insurance were fraudulently given by the insured, he is not supposed to be compensated at whatsoever cost. The participant would, however, be given what he contributed to the shareholder's fund. The principle of utmost good faith has been thought to be in consonance with the Islamic Sharia law since it emphasizes on honesty in whichever activity that a person indulges in (Aziah, 2012). Principle of Insurable Interest For most insurance companies, this principle must be there. An insurer must have an insurable interest in a property that he or she seeks to insure (Insurance Act 1996 s. 186.2 (My). The above principle simply means that a property that you are seeking to insurer should either belong to you or you have an interest in the said property since you cannot insure what does not belong to you or in other words that which you have no pecuniary interests in. Insurance companies have this principle at hand. The only question that an insurer should ask himself is whether he would suffer if the said property or subject matter of insurance is affected. Therefore, for Malaysian insurance companies, a person seeking to purchase a policy must prove that they have an insurable interest. For Takaful companies, this principle has been incorporated too. During its 52nd meeting, the SAC has established that this principle does not offend Sharia law and hence it should be applicable to Takaful insurance companies. Principle of Contribution The principle of contribution is the same as the principle of indemnity (Insurance Act 1996 s.191 (My). Under this principle, the insurers are not supposed to profit from the transaction. Insurance companies are only supposed to get a compensation of what they lost and not anything or amount above. That would be contrary to the principle of contribution. Such a situation arises where an insured has purchased a policy in more than one insurer. Ordinarily, he would not be compensated above the amount that he lost. For Takaful companies and participants, an individual is only supposed to get a compensation of the amount that he lost (Takaful Act 1986 s. 16 (My). One of the principle elements in Takaful is also the contribution (s. 25). These companies only seek to indemnify and not profit a participant of in the scheme. Principle of Subrogation The principle of subrogation provides that an insured loses his right in relation to the subject matter after he has been compensated by the insurer (Soe, 1987). An insurer, for instance, would not go to a court of law to try to enforce his right in relation to the subject matter in which he has been compensated. The right in relation to the subject matter shifts to the insurer. In the above scenarios, the insurer is the one who usually pursues the interests of the insured, for instance, in claiming the amount that he paid the insured. It should not worry the insured the amount that would be payable since his claim would have already been settled by the insurer. The above principle is also applicable to Takaful insurance companies (Rose, 2013). Once the contributor has been paid the amount that he lost, the Takaful company would ordinarily take up the contributors interests and rights and seek to obtain the amount that is payable therefrom. Principle of Loss Minimization Under this principle, the insured should endeavor to ensure that the insured subject matter is well taken care of. There should be no negligence on the part of the insurer in handling the subject matter or else he faces the risk of not being compensated. The principle of loss minimization is used in many general insurance companies in Malaysia. For Takaful companies in Malaysia, this principle though silent, it is present. There is a committee in Takaful companies whose advice and opinion is to key to the operations relating to compensation. In these companies, elements of gambling, negligence or uncertainty established whether they exist or not (Mahmood, 1991). Therefore, an individual who is not sincere in relation to the subject matter in question cannot successfully claim for compensation. Principle of nearest cause The principle of the nearest cause (Giampietro, 2011), majorly applies to general insurance companies in Malaysia. It provides that where there are two or more likelihoods of causes of a loss, it is the nearest cause that would be assumed to have caused the loss. The above principle is essential to the insurer in trying to prove the cause of the loss and therefore who would pay the insurer. Distinguishing insurance principles behind Takaful There are few principles that distinguish Takaful insurance companies from other insurance companies. This paper discusses these principles here below. Risk Sharing Risk sharing is one of the key principles behind the formation of these companies. As I highlighted here above, participants in Takaful voluntarily contributes to forming a pool of resources that cover their risks. For conventional insurance companies, there is payment of premiums while in Takaful there is a voluntary contribution. At the end of the financial year, any surplus amount of loss occasioned is shared amongst the contributors. There is no such sharing in conventional insurance companies in Malaysia. Mutual responsibility and protection Takaful companies are meant to help individuals in the society that encounter misfortunes which were obviously unforeseeable. Takaful would help restore such persons to the position they were prior to the misfortune. They do not exist to make a profit, unlike conventional insurance companies. Mutual protection (Mahmood, 1991) is the consequence of mutual responsibility. Individuals are protected from losses that would obviously take them down. Risks that are otherwise not out of their fault are insured against and hence their future is taken care of. Solidarity Whenever the participants contribute to Takaful, they foster their solidarity (Takaful Act s. 4.2 (My). Takaful seems to bring Muslims together, this is especially because Muslim Sharia laws form part and parcel of the law that governs the insurance policies. Conclusion From my discussion here above, we have seen the differences in terms of the principles that govern both Takaful insurance companies and General insurance companies. To begin with, we should note that Takaful companies are Muslim related, seeking to insure them against health related incidences and generally their welfare. However, for general insurance companies in Malaysia, they are not based on religion and generally they operate general insurances running from travel related to personal insurance among others. There are several principles of insurances that are common between the two companies. They include the principle of utmost good faith, the principle of insurable interest, the principle of contribution, the principle of subrogation and principle of loss minimization. For Takaful companies, however, we should note all principles related thereto were supposed to be in consonance with Sharia law. A principle to which Sharia law is against cannot form part of the principles of insurance. Finally, what distinguishes Takaful companies is their solidarity. Their contribution is meant to foster their unity and to insure them from risks that might be occasioned. They also do not make a profit, a surplus amount is supposed to be shared by the contributors. Conventional companies are different since there is no contribution but instead there is payment of the premiums. References Aziah Abu Kasim, N. (2012). Disclosure of Shariah compliance by Malaysian takaful companies.Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research,3(1), 20-38. Balfour v. Balfour, 413 So. 2d 1167 (Ala. Civ. App. 1982). Chappell Co Ltd v. Nestle Co Ltd, 1960 A.C. 87 (1960). Contact Act (1950). Currie v. Misa, 10 Ex. 153 (1875). Giampietro, A. (2011). Proximate cause in Maritime Insurance. Hartley v. Ponsonby, 7 E. B. 872 (1857). Hirachand Punamchand v Temple[1911] 2 KB 330 In re McArdle, 1951 Ch 669 (1951). Insurance Act 1996 (My). Jaffer, S., Ismail, F., Noor, J., Unwin, L., Ajayi, D. (2010).Takaful (Islamic Insurance): Concept, Challenges, and Opportunities. Milliman Research Report. Kepong Prospecting Ltd Ors v. Schmidt, 1968 M.L.J.1 170 (1968). Kirke La Shelle Co. v. Paul Armstrong Co., 263 N.Y. 79, 188 N.E. 163, 188 N.E.2d 163 (1933). Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558, 123 S. Ct. 2472, 156 L. Ed. 2d 508 (2003). Mahmood, N. R. (1991). Takaful: The Islamic system of mutual insurance: The Malaysian experience.Arab Law Quarterly, 280-296. Myrick Case, 2 Camp. 317 (1809). Phang Swee Kim v Beh I Hock[1964] MLJ 383. Pinnel's Case, 5 Co. Rep. 117, 77 Eng. Rep. 237 (1902). Rose, F. (2013).Marine insurance: law and practice. CRC press. Soe, M. (1987). Law of Insurance. Takaful Act (1986). Tan Soh Sim Ors v Tan Saw Keow(1951) Thanasegaran, H. (2016).Good Faith in Insurance and Takaful Contracts in Malaysia: A Comparative Perspective. Springer. Venkata Chinnaya v Verikatara Ma'ya (1881) 1 LR 4.

Its effect maranao culture free essay sample

In our paper which is â€Å"Modern Life: Its Effect in Maranao Culture’’ the member of this group are all Maranaos which is we can all relate to the topic, it has many changes nowadays in our generation, the Maranao was slightly lost because of new technology and by the affection of some adapting other culture. As a one of Maranao youth, we are the one who let our tradition to forget our tradition of cultures. In this case, people who belong to this culture must know what she/he should do. Which we can found out about traditions, fashion and styles, food etc. and look back from past to present, we can realize that some of this were already forgotten and hidden through the effects of the modern life which Maranao’s are adopting the other tradition and culture. We as youth of this culture, we are focusing to our culture to highlight this case for us to be aware of this changing environment of the people. We will write a custom essay sample on Its effect maranao culture or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In addition, we would like to measure how the culture is far from primitive life of Maranao and encourage ourselves to be aware to this problem. Is this modern life affecting the image of MARANAO CULTURE? Are maranao youth is concern to this situation? Otherwise, how can we handle and improve this case. II. KNOWLEDGE ABOUT MARANAO CULTURE A. According to Education The past culture of the maranao is uneducated they don’t know how to write and how to read in this since that they believed that education is not important in their lives, they don’t care about education the most important of them is money, and also they are very strict in terms of money. Most of their parents do not agree in education and they cannot send their children in school because most of them believe that even though you are professional you cannot earn money, and they are jobless. Not like now the most the maranao really want their children to finish the college degree, and even though there is no wealth to leave for them. The important is the education for them, there is a time that wealth can let from you and remember that your knowledge or education is always there to help you to become a better person. As a Muslim, we all know that our parents are not always there hoping for this money or wealth, we cannot stand for our foot. So let us stand by our own feet by educating ourselves. B. According to Fashion style Malong- a malong bearing â€Å"okir† designs. Meanwhile, the malong is a traditional â€Å"tube skirt† made of hard woven or machine-made multi-colored cotton cloth, bearing a variety of geometric or okir design. The malong is akin to the sarong worn by people in Malaysia, Brunei, and Indonesia. The malong is traditionally used as a garment by numerous tribes in the southern Philippines and sulu archipelago. Usually, hand woven malongs made by Maranaos, Maguindanao, and t’boli Weavers on a back strap loom. The pattern or style of the malong may indicate the weaver’s tribal origin, such as the Maranao malong landap. Very rare malong design and styles can indicate the village in which the malong was made, for example, the extremely intricate malong rawatan made only by handful or maranao weavers in Lanao del sur, Mindanao. Hand woven malongs, which are costly malong, are likely to be used only at social function to display the social and economic status of the wearer. While modern malongs are made of cotton and lurex threads. Some contemporary hand woven malongs are made of expensive rayon thread, to reduce the manufacturing cost to the weaver and ultimate cost to the consumer. There are many gardens of cotton thread, and cost of the malong can also be every by using the uses grades of cotton thread, or by creating a loose coarse weave. Machine-made printed cotton malongs are made in Indonesia specifically for export to the Philippines and are commonly referred to as â€Å"Batik† because the item is imported those in expensive machine made malongs are used for very purpose. The malongs can function as a skirt for both men and women, a dress, blanket, a sunshade, a bed sheet, a dressing room, a hammock, a prayer mat and other purpose it new born is wrapped in a malong, and as grows this piece of cloth become a part of his daily life. When he is dies, he is once again wrapped in a malong. Among traditional tribal peoples, the malong is used in everyday life. Even if an areas where people wear western style clothing during the day, the malong commonly used as sleepwear. The malong is also use in very big festivals; they wear this to show respect. C. According to Rites / Rituals Kinship System. There are special practices in the address system when one deals with the royalty and nobility (i. e. the datu and salip). One never or seldom refers to a datu as Datu X. The normal practice is to use teknonymy, i. e. by reference to his first child. Thus, Datu X should be called Bapaq ni Y. Among the nobility, bapaq is preferred to the more common ama. Courtship and Marriage. Marriage in Maranaw society is not just a simple romantic one-to-one relationship between boy and girl; rather, it is a fusion by affinal ties of two families seeking to establish socioeconomic and political relations with one another. Traditional marriage has therefore always been contracted through parents, although the practice is slowly becoming modified to conform with the times. It is, therefore, clear why the reckoning of the salsila, genealogical record, occupies a significant niche in the Maranaw mind. In fact, in considering marriage, what the pananalsila salsila expert says or reveals about the lineage of the parties concerned can become crucial in the decision to proceed with the marriage or not. It is part of ones group consciousness or pride (maratabat) to see the individuals marriage establishes strong family relations. The fact that the Maranao marriage involves more than just two individuals makes it a big social event from the start. The exchanges of poetic ballads (bayok) and courtship language (kadadaonga) between the parties involved, through go-betweens and spokesmen, become a form of nightly entertainment for the entire village. People congregate and socialize on these occasions. It may not even be too far-fetched to assume that gatherings like this contribute to the development of social cohesiveness within the village or between the two villages to which the two families belong. If the negotiations on the bride-price (sunggod) goes smoothly, the parties determine the wedding date and the various details of the wedding celebration. As the wedding day (kambitiara) draws near, arches are built and buntings of various sizes and shapes are hung. For at least a week before the kambitiara, kulintang music accompanied bossed gongs and drums create an atmosphere of festivities. Sports, like the kasipa sa manggis (a game of skill, the aim of which is to drop a suspended cube by kicking a rattan ball) is indulged in. And finally, on the wedding day itself, the groom arrives in a very colorful procession, attired in the most expensive wedding costume the family can afford. The wedding rite (kakawing) itself is simple. The imam holds his thumb up with the thumb of the groom and covers them with a white handkerchief. He recites a prayer from a Holy Quran, gives advice to the groom, and asks the consent of the womans parents. This done, he searches for the bride who has been hidden all this time somewhere in the house. When he finds her, he touches or kisses her forehead, marking the beginning of the couples marital life. D. According to Tradition Maranao is the term used for the people of lanao, a predominantly Muslim region in the Philippines islands of Mindanao. They are famous for their artworks, sophisticated weaving, wood, and metal craft, and their epic literature. The word Maranao, also spelled Maranaw, means â€Å"people of the lake† referring to the indigenous people who inhabited the lands around lake lanao whose principal town is Marawi city. The Maranaos are part of the wider moro ethnic group, whose constitute the sixth largest Filipino ethnic group. The life of the Maranao is centered on Lake Lanao, the largest in Mindanao, and the second largest and deepest lake in the Philippines. This breathtaking beautiful lake surrounded with myths and legends, it is the main source of fisheries, and the main source of hydroelectric plant installed on it, and the Agus River that generates 70% of the electricity used by the people of Mindanao. A-commanding view of the lake is offered by Marawi city, the provincial capital. a. Language Maranaos is an Austronesian language spoken by the maranao people in the province of Lanao Del Norte and Lanao Del Sur in the Philippines. The language of these people is called Maranaw or Maranao. The difference is only a matter of spelling. The term Iranon, if used, refers to a speech variant of Maranaw. In 1948, the Census stated that there were 135,241 who were able to speak Maranaw. In 1960, the number of mother-tongue speakers was 150,674. In 1970, this figure increased to 541,838. b. Art and Musical heritage Maranaw art is very distinctive. Mats and cloth from Lanao are decked in flamboyant colors. Intricate traditional designs grace the peoples gleaming brassware and handicraft. The Maranaws weave not only cloth and mats but also bags, centerpieces, placemats, and unique neckties. Sarimanok is a legendary bird of the Maranao that has become a ubiquitous symbol of their art. It is depected as a fowl with colourful wings and fethered tail, holding a fish on its beak or talons. The head is profusely decorated with scroll, leaf, and spiral motifs. It is said to be a symbol of good fortune. The native Maranao have a fascinating culture that revolves around kulintang music, a specific type of going music, found among both muslim and non- muslim group of southern Philippines. Biyola is another instrument for the Maranao people to use Biyola is a string instrument. Music is another important part of the culture. However, it should be noted that there is a distinction between music for rituals, which is basically vocal without instruments, and music for entertainment. Kulintang (brass gongs), kagandang (war drums), ceremonial dances and kambaioka (singers or chanters of improvised poetic compositions) are played on various occasions. The gabbang is similar to a xylophone, whilesuling and saunay are wind instruments. The biyula is a string instrument, and the kulintangan is an ensemble of gongs and drums. The kudyapi is a two-stringed lute plucked to make beautiful sounds. The kubing (jew’s harp) is made of bamboo and believed to make words and tell stories, if the audience could understand the language of music. Moro musicality is also seen in songs and dances. For the Tausug, there are songs called kissa , which tell about the love of datus and princesses, while heroic songs are contained in parang sibil. The Maranao kandidiagaois a melodious lament over the dead. There are five major types of songs for the Maranao. The kambaiok is the free rhythmic rendering of the baiok, which is improvised poetry. Kandarangen is accompanied by a gong or other similar instruments. Kadikir is sung by singers in slow, free rhythm and speaks of verses from the Qur’an and Maranao compositions with topics on Islam, morals, life, and death. Kandomana is a combination of styles of Kandarangen and Kadikir. Lastly, kapranon is a song of private sentimentality sung softly. c. Cuisine Exquisite Maranao cuisine and hospitality are palpable. They are known of having a spicy taste in their foods. A condenment made of traditionally cultivated spices, locally known, as Palapa is one of their distinguished cuisine symbols. It is made of stewed scallion bulbs or â€Å"Sakurab’’ in Maranao. They thinly sliced scallion bulbs and ginger are caramelized by slow cooking and mixed with chilies little coconut oil. Paganamaranao is their native way to welcome special guests and visitors. This is a customary and traditional conduct depicting their innate hospitality, carried out in and ilegant festivity and gaitey in a manner acceptable to Islamic laws and principles. Generally, during paganamaranao, both the hosts and the guests are expectedly well dressed in maranao or tutubs, the maranao’s native dress. Maranao recipes are so rich that it talks about life itself. Suffice it to say that the recipes are intertwined with the life cycle rites and rituals of all aspects of maranao society and culture: from birth to death. In other words, food cannot be separated with daily life activities because food is life itself. III. CAUSES AND EFFECTS IN MARANAO CULTURE A. Causes of Maranao culture Maranao teenagers are easily attracted to modern lifestyle. There are lot of thing that get their attraction and they can’t stop their temptation. They are also being influenced by the new technology. Having lack of information and interest to the culture. B. Effect in Maranao culture Many things had change in Maranao culture. They way how Maranao dress up, the way they talk, and also the way they act. As times pass by, Maranao people forget their culture and practices. Nowadays, a Maranao teenager keeps imitating modern lifestyle. You can barely see Maranao teenagers girls wearing a â€Å"Kumbong or Veil† they even wear sexy dresses, compare before Maranao, girls are so polite and shyly, you can see them everywhere. But now, Maranao girls are so careless in their moves. They even hang out with boys. Before having a special relationship (boyfriend/girlfriend) is not allowed to the Maranao culture. You can be with the person you unless you are married. Parental is being followed by the Maranao people before, it’s a tradition but now parents actually had given the freedom to their children/ child to choose the person whom they want to be with. As generation pass by, maranao people seems to forget some of their practices like playing kulintang or other Maranao instruments. Nowadays, we can safely say that only 3 out of 10 Maranao teenagers are willing to learn Maranao practices (like playing kulintang or dance kapamalong malong, singkil, and etc. ) they chose to learn modern dances, and play instruments like guitars, drum, piano, and etc. which is a lot of different from before. IV. RESURLT ACCORDING TO SURVEY Based on our research, this is the result of the following question answered by the Maranao youth. These will show their opinions about how the modern life affects the moral value of Maranaos. Questions have shown by chart to clarify the percentage of the majority answers by the interviewees. 1. Has the modern life effect the moral value of the Maranaos? One of our basic questions was how the modern life effects the moral value of the Maranaos. The chart below shows the answer percentage of the youth we had surveyed, 90% of them answered yes while only 10% answered no. Obviously, the major answer is saying that the modern life is usually affecting the moral value of the Maranao culture. 2. Does it ruin some of the Maranao customs? Secondly, is a question about how does the modern life ruin some of the Maranao customs, 80% of them answered yes while 20% answered no. Therefore, the major answer is saying that the modern life ruin some of the Maranao customs. 3. Do you think wearing hijab nowadays matter? The question about how wearing hijab nowadays matter, 50% of the Maranao youth answered yes and the same 50% also answered no. Therefore, the result is averagely fair for the people. 4. Do you think Maranao women care for how they are treated now in the society? Base on the chart below, the pole is saying that most of the Maranao women do not care on how they are treated now in the society. 5. Do you think the Maranao youth today still knows the rituals practiced by the ancestors? 6. Do you think the modern world greatly increases the possibility for the Maranao youth to change? Another question was asking the youth if there is a possibility for Maranao youth to change. Majority answered yes, there still a chance for maranao to change while only 40% said no. 7. Do you think still some of the generation today knows how to dance Maranao tribal dances? The ideas of the youth we had interviewed emphasized on the chart below that the generation today mostly do not know how to dance the Maranao tribal dances. 8. Do you think the generations of today are interested in participating how to use maranao instrument? The same as in the question no. 7, the majority answer of the youth is no. Generation today is not interested in participating how to use maranao instrument. 9. Do you think the generation of today also cares about studying how the industry of maranao arts and crafts work? Another one, the answer of the youth on our question â€Å"do you think the generation of today also cares about studying how the industry of Maranao arts and crafts work† is no. Meaning, it is true that most of the Maranaos today is not interested studying the Maranao arts and crafts. V. CONCLUSION Therefore, Maranao culture was affected by this life changing. Through temptation and imitations, Maranaos are easily attracted to other things that can cause of this affection unlike the recipes, fashion, and style in Maranao culture little by little forgotten it. And also influenced by the new technology not only modern technology that we influence others but we do dress we have forgotten its own tradition in fashion and as well as the behaviors. Nowadays they should be aware to this problem. Unfortunately, protect our culture while not too late, apparently, because we have neglected our culture to what we see in others. This way it will not completely forget the customary tradition.

Biography of Emmett Till, Victim of Lynching

Biography of Emmett Till, Victim of Lynching Emmett Till (July 25, 1941–August 21, 1955) was 14 years old when two white Mississippians killed him for allegedly whistling at a white woman. His death was brutal, and his killers acquittal shocked the world. His lynching galvanized the civil rights movement as activists dedicated themselves to ending the conditions that had led to Tills death. Fast Facts: Emmet Till Known For: 14-year-old victim of lynching whose death galvanized the civil rights movementAlso Known As:  Emmett Louis TillBorn:  July 25, 1941 in Argo, IllinoisParents: Mamie Till-Mobley and Louis TillDied:  August 21, 1955 in Money, MississippiNotable Quote about Emmet Till: I thought about Emmett Till, and I could not go back. My legs and feet were not hurting, that is a stereotype. I paid the same fare as others, and I felt violated. I was not going back. –Rosa Parks Early Childhood Emmett Louis Till was born on July 25, 1941, in Argo, Illinois., a town outside of Chicago. Emmetts mother Mamie left his father, Louis Till, while he was still a baby. In 1945, Mamie Till received word that Emmetts father had been killed in Italy. She did not learn of the exact circumstances until after Emmetts death, when Mississippi Senator James O. Eastland, in an effort to reduce sympathy for Emmets mother, revealed to the press that he had been executed for rape. In her book, Death of Innocence: The Story of the Hate Crime That Changed America, Tills mother Mamie Till-Mobley, recounts her sons childhood. He spent his early years surrounded by a large family. When he was 6 years old, he contracted polio. Though he recovered, it left him with a stutter that he struggled to overcome throughout his youth. Childhood Mamie and Emmett spent some time in Detroit but moved to Chicago when Emmett was around 10. She had remarried at this point but left her husband when she learned of his infidelity. Mamie Till describes Emmett as adventurous and independent-minded even when he was a young child. An incident when Emmett was 11 also reveals his courage.  Mamies estranged husband came by their home and threatened her. Emmett stood up to him, grabbing a butcher knife to defend his mother if necessary. Adolescence By his mothers account, Emmett was a responsible young man as a preteen and teenager. He often took care of the house while his mother was at work. Mamie Till called her son meticulous. He was proud of his appearance and figured out a way to steam his clothes on the radiator. But he also had time for fun. He loved music and enjoyed dancing. He had a strong group of friends back in Argo whom he would take the streetcar to see on the weekends. And, like all kids, he dreamed of his future. Emmett told his mother once that he wanted to be a motorcycle policeman when he grew up. He told another relative he wanted to be a baseball player. Trip to Mississippi Tills mothers family was originally from Mississippi and she still had family there, specifically an uncle, Mose Wright. When Till was 14, he went on a trip during his summer vacation to see his relatives there. Till had spent his entire life in or around Chicago and Detroit, cities that were segregated, but not by law. Northern cities like Chicago were segregated because of the social and economic consequences of discrimination. As such, they did not have the same sort of rigid customs relating to race that were found in the South. Emmetts mother warned him that the South was a different environment. She cautioned him to be careful and to humble himself to the whites in Mississippi if necessary. Accompanied by his 16-year-old cousin Wheeler Parker Jr., Till arrived in Money, Mississippi, on August 21, 1955. The Events Preceding Emmet Tills Brutal Murder On Wednesday, August 24, Till and seven or eight cousins went by Bryant Grocery and Meat Market, a white-owned store that mainly sold goods to the African-American sharecroppers in the area. Carolyn Bryant, a 21-year-old white woman, was working at the cash register while her husband, a trucker, was on the road. Emmett and his cousins were in the parking lot chatting, and Emmett, in a youthful boast, bragged to his cousins that he had a white girlfriend back in Chicago. What happened next is unclear. His cousins do not agree whether someone dared Emmett to go into the store and get a date with Carolyn. Emmett did, however, go into the store and purchased bubble gum. To what extent he attempted to flirt with Carolyn is also unclear. Carolyn changed her story on several occasions, suggesting at various times that he said, Bye, baby, made lewd comments, or whistled at her as he left the store. His cousins reported that he, in fact, whistled at Carolyn, and they left when she went to her car, apparently to get a gun. His mother suggests that he may have whistled in an attempt to overcome his stutter; he sometimes would whistle when he became stuck on a word. Whatever the context, Carolyn chose to keep the encounter from her husband, Roy Bryant. He learned of the incident from local gossip- a young African-American teenager apparently being so bold with a white woman was unheard of. Tills Murder At around 2 a.m. on August 28, Roy Bryant and his half-brother John W. Milam went to Wrights house and pulled Till out of bed. They kidnapped him, and local farmhand Willie Reed saw him in a truck with around six men (four whites and two African-Americans) at around 6 a.m. Willie was on his way to the store, but as he walked away he heard Tills screams. Three days later, a boy fishing in the Tallahatchie River 15 miles upstream from Money found Emmetts body. Emmett had been tied to a fan from a cotton gin that weighed around 75 pounds. He had been tortured before being shot. Till was so unrecognizable that his great-uncle Mose was only able to identify his body from the ring he was wearing (a ring that had belonged to his father). The Effect of Leaving the Casket Open Mamie was informed that her son had been found on September 1. She refused to go to Mississippi and insisted that her sons body be shipped to Chicago for burial. Emmetts mother made the decision to have an open-casket funeral so that everyone could see what they have done to my boy. Thousands came to see Emmetts badly beaten body, and his burial was delayed until September 6 to make room for the crowds. Jet  magazine, in its September 15 edition, published a photo of Emmetts battered body lying on a funeral slab.  The Chicago Defender  also ran the photo. Tills mothers decision to make public this photo galvanized African-Americans across the country, and his murder made the front page of newspapers all over the world. Scott Olson /  Getty Images The Trial Roy Bryants and J.W. Milams trial started on September 19 in Sumner, Mississippi. The two main witnesses for the prosecution, Mose Wright and Willie Reed, identified the two men as having been the ones to kidnap Till. The trial lasted five days, and the jury spent a little over an hour in deliberation, reporting that it took so long because they paused to have a soda. They acquitted Bryant and Milam. Immediate Protest Reaction Protest rallies took place in major cities across the country after the verdict. The Mississippi press reported that one even occurred in Paris, France. Bryant Grocery and Meat Market eventually went out of business. Ninety percent of its customers were African-American, and they boycotted the place. Confession On January 24, 1956, a magazine published the detailed confessions of Bryant and Milam, who reportedly received $4,000 for their stories. They admitted to killing Till, knowing that they could not be retried for his murder because of  double jeopardy. Bryant and Milam said they did it to make an example out of Till, to warn others of his kind to not come down to the South. Their stories solidified their guilt in the publics mind. In 2004, the U.S. Justice Department reopened the case of Tills murder, based on the idea that more men than just Bryant and Milam- who by that point had died- were involved in Tills murder. No further charges were filed, however. Legacy Rosa Parks  said of her refusal to move to the back of a bus (in the segregated South, the front of the bus was reserved for whites): I thought of Emmett Till, and I just couldnt go back. Parks was not alone in her sentiment. Many famous figures including Cassius Clay and Emmy Lou Harris describe this event as a turning point in their activism. The image of Tills battered body in his open casket served as a rallying cry for African-Americans who joined the  civil rights movement  to ensure there would be no more Emmett Tills. Sources Feldstein, Ruth.  Motherhood in Black and White: Race and Sex in American Liberalism, 1930-1965. Cornell University Press, 2000.Houck, Davis W. and Matthew A. Grindy.  Emmett Till and the Mississippi Press. University Press of Mississippi, 2008.Till-Mobley, Mamie and Christopher Benson.  Death of Innocence: The Story of the Hate Crime That Changed America. Random House, Inc., 2004.Waldrep, Christopher.  African Americans Confront Lynching: Strategies of Resistance from the Civil War to the Civil Rights Era. Rowman Littlefield, 2009.

The Management of Small and Medium Enterprises - Literature Review

The Management of Small and Medium Enterprises - - Literature review Example Currently, SMEs in china are responsible for more than 75% of employment opportunities in urban centers and nearly 60% of the GDP (Zhao, 2007). For a period, majority of scholars have agued that organizational theories and models designed for large organizations could be directly applied to SMEs (Boyd & Nicolo, 2005). But in recent times, industry players have clearly demonstrated that there is a big difference between the SMEs and large organizations as indicated by Paulson (2008). This is because SMEs are confronted with numerous obstacles as opposed to large organizations. These obstacles are listed by Antkiewicz & Whalley (2005) to include lack of funds and socialized services, less access to market and poor management among others. The main purpose of the present paper is to examine trade policies in china and their advantages and disadvantages to small and medium-sized enterprises. With examples, this paper will also explore whether there are foreign small or medium-sized enter prises in china. It will also examine the key issues that china needs to address to enhance the growth of SMEs. Laws and Policies Concerning the Promotion of SMEs SMEs are the backbone of the Chinese economy according to study findings by Antkiewicz & Whalley (2005); Dunaway & Li (2005) and Lardy (2002). In view of this revelation, China has put in place trade polices and regulations that help in promoting their growth and development. These policies are geared toward improving their operational environment and increasing employment in both urban and rural areas as indicated in a World Bank report (2008). They are also aimed at exerting their significant influence on national economic and social development (Wang, 2004). At the present, majority of provinces and regions in China have formulated their administrative rules and regulations for enhancing the development of SMEs as noted by Paulson (2008). Moreover, the corresponding authorities and departments of the national government have issued several documents covering market access, the fiscal financial mix, enhancement of government control and administration, technological innovation, development of global markets and creation of service systems for SMEs (The World Bank, 2008). The government of China has developed legislations, policies and regulations related to the growth of small and medium-sized enterprises. Th